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Umbrella species are species selected for making conservation-related decisions, typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat. Species conservation can be subjective because it is hard to determine the status of many species. With millions of species of concern, the identification of selected ''keystone species'', ''flagship species'' or ''umbrella species'' makes conservation decisions easier. Umbrella species can be used to help select the locations of potential reserves, find the minimum size of these conservation areas or reserves, and to determine the composition, structure and processes of ecosystems.〔Roberge, Jean-Michael and Per Angelstam. 2004. "Usefulness of the Umbrella Species Concept as a Conservation Tool." ''Conservation Biology'', Vol. 18, No. 1, 76-85〕 == Definitions == Two commonly used definitions: * A: "A wide-ranging species whose requirements include those of many other species"〔Groom, Martha J., Gary K. Meffe and C. Ronald Carroll. 2006. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc.〕 * B: A species with large area requirements for which protection of the species offers protection to other species that share the same habitat〔Ozaki, Kenichi, Masahiro Isono, Takayuki Kawahara, Shigeo Iida, Takuma Kudo and Kenji Fukuyama. 2006. "A Mechanistic Approach to Evaluation of Umbrella Species as Conservation Surrogates." ''Conservation Biology'', Vol. 20, No. 5, 1507-1515.〕〔NOAA. 2007. Glossary. Available: http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/coris_glossary/index.aspx?letter=u.〕 Other descriptions include: *A: "The protection of umbrella species automatically extends protection to other species. i.e. spotted owl and old growth trees"〔Wilmers, Christopher. 2007. Lecture: April 11, 2007.〕 *B: "Traditional umbrella species, relatively large-bodied and wide-ranging species of higher vertebrates"〔 Launer, Alan E. and Dennis D. Murphy. 1994. "Umbrella Species and the Conservation of Habitat Fragments: A Case of a Threatened Butterfly and a Vanishing Grassland Ecosystem." ''Biological Conservation'', Vol. 69, No. 2, 145-153.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「umbrella species」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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